chemistry technology

Laboratories have now become indispensable in schools, factories and research institutes to test, confirm, or demonstrate on a small scale, phenomena and processes which occur in nature or which may find application in industry or be of importance to science.
The equipment of a chemical laboratory varies according to the nature of the work, which is to be carried  out.  It  may  be  intended  for  the  student  to  put  to  the  test  his  theoretical  knowledge/  school laboratory, for the technician/ technologist to verify and check processes to be employed in the factory/ works  laboratory  or  to  help  the  scientist  and  research  worker  to  discover  or  confirm  scientific  facts/ research laboratory.
Every chemical laboratory should be provided with running water, gas and electricity. The water supply is conducted from the mains by means of pipes, the piping terminating in taps under, which there
are sinks to take away waste water and other non-objectionable liquids. When one needs water one turns the tap on and stops it flowing by turning the tap off.
Similarly a system of pipes is attached to the gas main from where gas reaches the various kinds of burners.  They  serve  for  producing  flames  of  different  intensity,  the  Bunsen  burner  being  the  most common type used.
Apart from a gas supply there is electricity which serves for lighting and as a driving power. For operating electricity, switches or switch buttons are employed. That is why we talk about switching on the light or switching it off.

The laboratory is also equipped with a large variety of apparatus and devices. One of them, a desiccator,
is used for drying materials. Ovens, furnaces or kilns serve for generating high temperatures. Where harmful vapors  and  undesirable  odorous  develop  during  the  operation,  a  hood  with  suitable  ventilation  has  to  be provided for their escape.
Of primary importance are glass and porcelain vessels. Glass vessels for chemical processes are made
of special materials. They have to resist sudden changes in temperature, to withstand very high temperature: refractory  glass,  and  be  affected  by  a  few  substances  as  possible.  The  necessary  assortment  of  laboratory glassware includes test tubes, beakers, various flasks, watch glasses, funnels, bottles, and cylinders.
Porcelain articles consist of various kinds of dishes, basins and crucibles of various diameters. A
grinding mortar with a pestle, desiccating dishes and stirrers are also generally made of porcelain.
At  present,  also  plastic  materials  are  finding  increasing  use  in  laboratories,  many  of  them  being chemically  resistant,  unattacked  by  alkalis  or  acids/  acid-or  alkali-proof/,  and  unbreakable.  Containers made of them are especially suitable for storing stock solutions.
The  analytical  balance,  which  is  used  for  accurate  weighing  of  samples,  is  usually  kept  in  a separate room.